2017年2月10日星期五

阅收藏:每周转载:耶鲁教授关于政治素质的20条建议(俺的翻译及点评)

via 编程随想的博客
  俺很少连发2篇《每周转载》。这次是因为:这篇转载不同于以往——不是针对热心事件的汇总,而是为了普及【政治素质】。
  对于天朝的政治变革,俺唠叨过很多次:最关键最需要的素质有两种,分别是【政治素质】和【心理素质】。

★引子


  今天分享的这篇,是耶鲁大学历史系教授 Timothy Snyder 3个月前发在 Facebook 上的帖子。
  这个帖子的【中文版】前几天已经在墙内流传,可惜没有注明原始出处。
  对那些没有注明原始出处的翻译内容,俺总是不太放心,于是就顺手找了一下原始出处(在“这里”)。看了原文之后,就发现之前流传的中文版相比英文原文,太过简略了。于是俺头脑一热,就再次翻译一个版本(意译),分享给大伙儿。
  丑话说在前面:俺的洋文水平很一般(这不是谦虚),平时就算看英文资料也都是 IT 领域居多(毕竟俺是软件行业的嘛)。政治方面的英文资料,还是比较生疏滴。如有错漏之处,欢迎懂行的同学批评指正,不剩感谢 :)


★前言



原文:
Americans are no wiser than the Europeans who saw democracy yield to fascism, Nazism, or communism. Our one advantage is that we might learn from their experience. Now is a good time to do so. Here are twenty lessons from the twentieth century, adapted to the circumstances of today.

译文:
(政治方面)美国人并不比欧洲人更聪明,毕竟欧洲人亲眼目睹了民主国家屈服于“法西斯主义、纳粹主义、共产主义”。
咱们美国人的一个优势是——可以从他们(欧洲人)的经验中学习。如今正是学习的好时机。
这里是二十世纪的二十课,适应今天的情况。


★1. 不要提前服从


原文:
1. Do not obey in advance. Much of the power of authoritarianism is freely given. In times like these, individuals think ahead about what a more repressive government will want, and then start to do it without being asked. You've already done this, haven't you? Stop. Anticipatory obedience teaches authorities what is possible and accelerates unfreedom.

译文:
权力总是太轻易地被交到独裁者手中。
很多人会预期独裁政权想要什么,然后就真的这么去做了——即使并没有人要求他们这么做。
民众轻易地服从会纵容独裁者,使之变本加厉地剥夺自由。

俺的点评:
关于第二句话,俺来举个例子——很多天朝的媒体很善于【自我阉割】(俗称“自宫”)。
有些时候,真理部都来没开始下禁令,这些媒体就开始进行【自我审查】了。


★2. 捍卫(民主)制度


原文:
2. Defend an institution. Follow the courts or the media, or a court or a newspaper. Do not speak of "our institutions" unless you are making them yours by acting on their behalf. Institutions don't protect themselves. They go down like dominoes unless each is defended from the beginning.

译文:
制度并不能自我保护。
如果民众不能从一开始就捍卫制度,它就会像多米诺骨牌一样倒塌。

俺的点评:
作者所处的环境与咱们不同。
他担心的是民主体制遭到破坏。
而对于天朝,咱们要考虑的是——首先,如何推翻旧制度;其次,如何建立新制度。
(不好意思,俺又第 N 次煽动颠覆政权了)


★3. 捍卫职业操守


原文:
3. Recall professional ethics. When the leaders of state set a negative example, professional commitments to just practice become much more important. It is hard to break a rule-of-law state without lawyers, and it is hard to have show trials without judges.

译文:
当政客们开始干坏事,“践行职业操守”就变得非常重要。
如果没有律师愿意同流合污,政客就难以破坏法制;
如果没有法官愿意同流合污,政客就难以操纵审判。


★4. 警惕某些政治术语


原文:
4. When listening to politicians, distinguish certain words. Look out for the expansive use of "terrorism" and "extremism." Be alive to the fatal notions of "exception" and "emergency." Be angry about the treacherous use of patriotic vocabulary.

译文:
听政客的演讲,要留意某些词汇。
如果政客老是把“恐怖主义、极端主义”之类的词汇挂在嘴边,你就要警惕了。
同样的,你也要警惕对爱国词汇的滥用。


★5. 对极端事件保持冷静


原文:
5. Be calm when the unthinkable arrives. When the terrorist attack comes, remember that all authoritarians at all times either await or plan such events in order to consolidate power. Think of the Reichstag fire. The sudden disaster that requires the end of the balance of power, the end of opposition parties, and so on, is the oldest trick in the Hitlerian book. Don't fall for it.

译文:
当恐怖袭击来临,你要记住:所有的独裁者都在等待这样的机会,以便趁机强化自己的权力。
想想“国会纵火案”吧。突如其来的灾难会打破权力的制衡,会终结反对党......
对这种希特勒用过的陈旧伎俩,你可不要上当哦。

俺的点评:
经典影片《V怪客/V字仇杀队》里面有句台词——【制造恐惧是专制政府的终极武器】。


★6. 阅读政治经典


原文:
6. Be kind to our language. Avoid pronouncing the phrases everyone else does. Think up your own way of speaking, even if only to convey that thing you think everyone is saying. (Don't use the internet before bed. Charge your gadgets away from your bedroom, and read.) What to read? Perhaps "The Power of the Powerless" by Václav Havel, 1984 by George Orwell, The Captive Mind by Czesław Milosz, The Rebel by Albert Camus, The Origins of Totalitarianism by Hannah Arendt, or Nothing is True and Everything is Possible by Peter Pomerantsev.

译文:
不要人云亦云。想想你自己的说话方式,即便是在表达你认为每个人都在说的话。
多读点书。读什么捏?比如说这些:
瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔:《无权者的权力》
乔治·奥威尔:《一九八四》
切斯瓦夫·米沃什:《被禁锢的头脑》
阿尔贝·加谬:《反抗者》
汉娜·阿伦特:《极权主义的起源》
彼得·波莫兰切夫:《一切都是假的,一切皆有可能》

俺的点评:
他列举的6本书中,俺的网盘上有其中3本的电子版。
除了政治类禁书,俺的网盘上还分享了“心理学、历史、经济、军事、IT”等不同学科的经典书籍。


★7. 挺身而出


原文:
7. Stand out. Someone has to. It is easy, in words and deeds, to follow along. It can feel strange to do or say something different. But without that unease, there is no freedom. And the moment you set an example, the spell of the status quo is broken, and others will follow.

译文:
很多时候,总要有人站出来。
随大流总是比较容易,而特立独行则比较困难。但没有这种困难,也就没有自由。
当你站出来,你就树立了一个榜样,就会有人跟随你,你就开始改变现状。


★8. 相信事实真相


原文:
8. Believe in truth. To abandon facts is to abandon freedom. If nothing is true, then no one can criticize power, because there is no basis upon which to do so. If nothing is true, then all is spectacle. The biggest wallet pays for the most blinding lights.

译文:
放弃真相就是放弃自由。
如果没有真相,对权力的批评就失去了依据。

俺的点评:
当初看到这段,俺想起一句名言——【大多数人宁可相信美丽的谎言,而不愿直面丑陋的真相】。


★9. 调查


原文:
9. Investigate. Figure things out for yourself. Spend more time with long articles. Subsidize investigative journalism by subscribing to print media. Realize that some of what is on your screen is there to harm you. Learn about sites that investigate foreign propaganda pushes.

译文:
学会自己弄清楚事情的缘由。
要习惯于多看长篇文章。
通过订阅纸质媒体来资助新闻调查。
另外还要明白:你在屏幕上看到的东西,有些是对你有害的。

俺的点评:
在如今这个信息时代,对同一个热门话题,你往往可以找到立场截然不同的文章。
哪一个才是靠谱的捏?这时候就需要用到【批判性思维】这个重要的思维能力了。
如果你对“批判性思维”还不太了解,可以先看俺写的书评:《学会提问——批判性思维指南》


★10. 社交活动


原文:
10. Practice corporeal politics. Power wants your body softening in your chair and your emotions dissipating on the screen. Get outside. Put your body in unfamiliar places with unfamiliar people. Make new friends and march with them.

译文:
如果你整天宅在家里,终日面对屏幕,你就废了——而这正是专制政府希望看到的。
应该走出去,到你没去过的地方,去认识你没有接触过的陌生人。
想办法结交新的朋友,与他们携手共进。


★11. 沟通


原文:
11. Make eye contact and small talk. This is not just polite. It is a way to stay in touch with your surroundings, break down unnecessary social barriers, and come to understand whom you should and should not trust. If we enter a culture of denunciation, you will want to know the psychological landscape of your daily life.

译文:
眼神接触和短暂聊天。这不只是出于礼貌,这是一种方式——让你与周围环境保持联系,打破不必要的社会障碍,并了解谁是值得你信任的。
一旦社会崩坏,人们彼此攻讦,你得知道身边这些人的心理状态。


★12. 付诸行动


原文:
12. Take responsibility for the face of the world. Notice the swastikas and the other signs of hate. Do not look away and do not get used to them. Remove them yourself and set an example for others to do so.

译文:
当你看到纳粹标志或其它煽动仇恨的东西,不要看过就算了,更不要对这些东西习以为常。
你应该亲自动手把它清除掉,为其他人作出表率。


★13. 行使投票权


原文:
13. Hinder the one-party state. The parties that took over states were once something else. They exploited a historical moment to make political life impossible for their rivals. Vote in local and state elections while you can.

译文:
想办法阻止一党专政。
尽你所能,参与国家选举和地区选举的投票。

俺的点评:
对于这条,在咱们天朝目前还做不到。
不过捏,你可以参与其它形式的投票,比如投票选举所在小区的业委会。


★14. 资助/捐款


原文:
14. Give regularly to good causes, if you can. Pick a charity and set up autopay. Then you will know that you have made a free choice that is supporting civil society helping others doing something good.

译文:
尽你所能,定期行善。
向你认同的慈善机构捐款。


★15. 保护个人隐私


原文:
15. Establish a private life. Nastier rulers will use what they know about you to push you around. Scrub your computer of malware. Remember that email is skywriting. Consider using alternative forms of the internet, or simply using it less. Have personal exchanges in person. For the same reason, resolve any legal trouble. Authoritarianism works as a blackmail state, looking for the hook on which to hang you. Try not to have too many hooks.

译文:
保护你的个人隐私。
专制政府对你了解得越多,就越能够欺压你。
记得时常检查并清除自己电脑中的恶意软件。
用更可靠的方式使用互联网;(如果做不到的话)或者干脆更少地使用它。

俺的点评:
没有隐私,“匿名”就无从谈起;
没有匿名,就不可能具有真正的言论自由;
没有言论自由,就不可能享有其它基本人权。
现在你明白【隐私权有多么重要】了吧?
关于这方面的教程,可以参见俺写的若干博文:
如何保护隐私》(系列)
“对抗专制、捍卫自由”的 N 种技术力量


★16. 学习别国的经验


原文:
16. Learn from others in other countries. Keep up your friendships abroad, or make new friends abroad. The present difficulties here are an element of a general trend. And no country is going to find a solution by itself. Make sure you and your family have passports.

译文:
学习别国的经验。
结识海外的朋友,并与他们保持联系。
如今的挑战不是哪个国家自个儿的事,也没有哪个国家能单独给出答案。
确保你和你的家人有护照。


★17. 警惕准军事组织


原文:
17. Watch out for the paramilitaries. When the men with guns who have always claimed to be against the system start wearing uniforms and marching around with torches and pictures of a Leader, the end is nigh. When the pro-Leader paramilitary and the official police and military intermingle, the game is over.

译文:
对准军事组织要保持警惕。
那些带枪的人,原先一直声称反体制;当他们开始穿上制服,拿着火把,抬着领袖的画像搞游行,那事情就不妙了。
当他们开始混入官方的警察和军队中,那这个国家就完蛋了。

俺的点评:
可能很多读者不太了解何为“准军事组织”。一个典型的例子就是——希特勒上台之前组建的“冲锋队”。


★18. 抗拒非正义的命令


原文:
18. Be reflective if you must be armed. If you carry a weapon in public service, God bless you and keep you. But know that evils of the past involved policemen and soldiers finding themselves, one day, doing irregular things. Be ready to say no. (If you do not know what this means, contact the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and ask about training in professional ethics.)

译文:
如果你是武装人员(警察、士兵),你需要好好反思一下。
万一某天命令你去做邪恶的事情,你要做好抗命的准备。
(如果你不知道这是啥意思,请联系“美国大屠杀纪念馆”,咨询道德培训)

俺的点评:
说到“抗命”,来简单聊一下苏共垮台那事儿。
二十多年前的苏联,苏共高层的保守派与激进派发生严重冲突。
保守派发动“819政变”,国防部长(保守派之一)调若干装甲师进入莫斯科,准备“血洗”。
关键时刻,军队中的一些指挥官抗命(拒绝对莫斯科市民开枪),军队抗命最终使得政变破产。
事后,激进派的首领叶利钦宣布“解散共产党”,苏共垮台。


★19. 保有勇气


原文:
19. Be as courageous as you can. If none of us is prepared to die for freedom, then all of us will die in unfreedom.

译文:
要尽可能勇敢。
如果我们之中没有人准备好为自由献身,那我们所有人都将死于奴役。


★20. 留下榜样


原文:
20. Be a patriot. The incoming president is not. Set a good example of what America means for the generations to come. They will need it.

译文:
为子孙后代留下真正爱国者的榜样。他们需要这种榜样。


俺博客上,和本文相关的帖子(需翻墙)
谈革命(系列)
“对抗专制、捍卫自由”的 N 种技术力量
人类自由的三大死敌——谈谈“共产运动、纳粹主义、政教合一”的共性
对政府——多些"监督问责",少些"煽情感动"

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翻墙工具

使用 BT sync 自动同步各种翻墙工具(BT sync 免翻墙可用), 同步密钥是 BTLZ4A4UD3PEWKPLLWEOKH3W7OQJKFPLG 如有其它问题,用program.think@gmail.com联系俺

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